Monteverde, Cloud Forest, Costa Rica

Food chain

Top predators: python, jaguar
Secondary consumers: vampire bats, iguanas, red eyed tree frog
Primary consumers: chimpanzees, parrots, monkeys, insects
Producers: orchids, bamboo, banana tree
Decomposers: coral fungi, bracket fungi
Extinct species: golden toad

Plants

Epiphytes: 878 known species, also known as "air plants", They grow on other plants.
Orchids: 450 documented species, of these over 350 species are classed as epiphytes
Trees: 755 species of trees and treelets

Plant adaptations
Trees are high to reach the sunlight. Many other plants grow on them to look for a sunlight and share nutrients. Some grow on them to feed on them.

 Wildlife corridor is a strip of habitat that allow animals to migrate from one ecosystem to another.

Santa Elena Reserve

•  The reserve is run by local community.
• It has 765 acres.
• 15 cables and 18 viewing platforms
• It's sustainable because people can learn about their current environment. The road has been paved. No hotels built near the reserve.
• Attraction: Tarzan Swing
• Only 160 people allowed at a time
• Provides jobs for local people.
• The journey will be cut from 5 hours to about 2 because of new paved road.
• The number of tourists could double.

Ynyslas, Wales

Ynyslas Nature Reserve was set up in 1969. Key features worth protecting there are sand dunes, song birds and the beach.

Problems caused by tourists at Ynyslas

• driving and parking on the sand dunes damage roots of marram grass and plants die
• people walking off paths squeeze plants and their roots, so plants die and it creates large blow-outs in sand dunes
• littering - rubbish flying around because of wind and birds and other animals eat litter from bins and ground
• dog fouling - it's toxic for plants, so therefore it burns them and it's not biodegradable.

Solutions to these problems:

• fences to prevent trampling
• information signs explaining why conservation works are taking place
• no litter bins, so animals can't eat from them

 

 

 

 

Migration in Brazil

Push factors:

• no schools
• few opportunities
• closed businesses
• very few health centres/pharmacies
• no crops
• draughts

Parents leave their children behind with grandparents. The oldest child needs to take care of younger brothers and sisters and elderly grandparents, so they cannot attend the school, so they will not get any qualification, so therefore they will not get a good paid job if they would like to move to a big city. They need to help around the house.

Businesses closed down because there is less people to serve, so they do not make profit. Crops are not that good as there is less people to feed and work. Draughts affecting farming.

Lack of services, so people cannot get medical help.

Impacts on Rio

• crime
• poor sanitation
• demonstrations
• increased demand for services
• risk of landslides and fires

 

Favela in Rio

 

Retail services in Sheffield

Meadowhall

• one of the UK's largest out of town shopping centre
• free car parking
• over 280 retail outlets
• wide range of shops, bars, restaurants and leisure facilities such as multi-screen cinema
• access for people with less mobility

Crystal Peaks

• opened in 1988
• over 100 stores
• medical center
• lots of houses built there
• large car parking

Don Valley Retail park

• large car parking
• specialist retail outlets selling electrical products, toys, etc.

Kelham Island

• Tesco Express to serve residents of new built apartments

Transport

• motorway
• tram routes

CBD

• In 1990s, when Out of Town centres opened, CBD lost most of its customers. People with cars  could easily go shopping out of town.
• do-nut effect and negative spiral
• In 2000s, CBD decided to fight back and build new places to attract people.
• 2010s, rebranding of CBD
• New places like Winter Gardens or Peace Gardens have opened to attract people.

Flow Diagram

1. scruffy CBD
2. Out of Town centres opened
3. People left CBD and went to shopping centres like Meadowhall
4.  CBD's decision to fight back
5. Rebranding of CBD

Some key words

Urbanisation - when people move from countryside to cities

Counter-urbanisation - when people leave the city and move to countryside

Re-urbanisation - when people who had left the city move back in

Sphere of influence - how far people will travel to visit particular shopping area

Bulk Buying - when people buy enough to last two weeks or more

Gentrification of Portland Road

In 1968, Tim and Penny Hicks bought the house on 157 Portland Road for 11,750 pounds. Their friends and old neighbours were shocked about their decision to move from nice and posh Chelsea to area known for criminals. Now, that house costs more than 2,000,000 pounds and Portland Road became an expensive and popular part of Notting Hill. The sweet shop and dairies had gone and even the pub had been turned into a beauty salon. There are wine bars, art gallery, beauty spa and houses worth millions. In 40 years, Portland Road has changed from slums to exclusive area.

 

 

"Notting Hill" is a famous film where action takes place in Notting Hill, London.

Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya

Quality of life and standard of life in Kibera are very low because of factos such as living in small shanty houses, lack of infrastructure, poor sanitation and low economic status.

Problems in Kibera:

• No roads, so emergency vehicles cannot get into settlements, which means that people cannot receive medical help on time.
• People build their houses on steep hillsides, so houses can slip during the heavy rain season.
• No piped water or sewage, so people cannot stay in good hygiene and they get disease.
• Industrial polluters pour chemicals into the river, so it provides disease for people who use the river as their main source of water.
• Poor wages/ casual work means that people often cannot afford many things and also school fees for their children.
• Young population due to high death rate.

 Solution to the problems:

• Micro-credit is a small loan given to poor residents, so that they can open their own businesses and make money. Traditional banks are unlikely to give loans to them as they do not have a guarantee that they will return the money.
• Dandora Site&Services Scheme - money and site which is connected to running water and electricity is given to families, so that they can build their own houses there. The family has to pay a small rent to the local council for the site.

Good points about living in Kibera:

• small rents
• no property tax
• no zonning laws

Bad points about living in Kibera:

• steep hillsides
• industrial polluters
• poor sanitation
• flood plains
• illegal houses

Housing in Kibera

• some occupied houses, about 800 pounds for 3 rooms to buy
• rented, 400-1200 Kenyan shillings per month to rent
• illegal houses - people build their houses on land that belongs to someone else