Monteverde, Cloud Forest, Costa Rica

Food chain

Top predators: python, jaguar
Secondary consumers: vampire bats, iguanas, red eyed tree frog
Primary consumers: chimpanzees, parrots, monkeys, insects
Producers: orchids, bamboo, banana tree
Decomposers: coral fungi, bracket fungi
Extinct species: golden toad

Plants

Epiphytes: 878 known species, also known as "air plants", They grow on other plants.
Orchids: 450 documented species, of these over 350 species are classed as epiphytes
Trees: 755 species of trees and treelets

Plant adaptations
Trees are high to reach the sunlight. Many other plants grow on them to look for a sunlight and share nutrients. Some grow on them to feed on them.

 Wildlife corridor is a strip of habitat that allow animals to migrate from one ecosystem to another.

Santa Elena Reserve

•  The reserve is run by local community.
• It has 765 acres.
• 15 cables and 18 viewing platforms
• It's sustainable because people can learn about their current environment. The road has been paved. No hotels built near the reserve.
• Attraction: Tarzan Swing
• Only 160 people allowed at a time
• Provides jobs for local people.
• The journey will be cut from 5 hours to about 2 because of new paved road.
• The number of tourists could double.

Ynyslas, Wales

Ynyslas Nature Reserve was set up in 1969. Key features worth protecting there are sand dunes, song birds and the beach.

Problems caused by tourists at Ynyslas

• driving and parking on the sand dunes damage roots of marram grass and plants die
• people walking off paths squeeze plants and their roots, so plants die and it creates large blow-outs in sand dunes
• littering - rubbish flying around because of wind and birds and other animals eat litter from bins and ground
• dog fouling - it's toxic for plants, so therefore it burns them and it's not biodegradable.

Solutions to these problems:

• fences to prevent trampling
• information signs explaining why conservation works are taking place
• no litter bins, so animals can't eat from them